Into Unscientific Chapter 686

Chapter 686 Atsushi Suzuki: This hole is too small, let's dig it bigger (Part 1)

 At this moment.

 In the office.

I heard Yukawa Hideki's confused voice.

 Oshiba Masatoshi and Tomonaga Shinichiro on the side couldn't help but look at this neon top theoretical physics boss at the same time:

“Yukawsan, have you found any problems? Is there any mistake in the Chinese paper?”

 The first reaction of both of them was that Hua Xia's paper was flawed, which shows how much they distrust Hua Xia.

However, Yukawa Hideki frowned and remained silent for a few seconds, then slowly shook his head:

“No, it's not a mistake, it's just that this model seems a little special.”

Xiao Chai Changjun was startled.

special?

what does this mean?

 These two words are not common words in the physics community, or in the process of reviewing papers.

 Generally speaking.

 When physicists evaluate a certain paper, there are usually only two situations:

 Either you will express admiration and exaggeration such as "perfect" or "exquisite" because of the high quality of the paper's content.

 Either to say that a certain argument is [outrageous], [absurd] or [unintelligible].

For example, the first "Nature" article that Yukawa Hideki read was that his evaluation was that the content was outrageous and the quality did not match the popularity.

 But now when faced with the Chinese paper, he actually said the word special.

Think of this.

Oshiba Masajun couldn't help but swallowed his saliva and asked Yukawa Hideki:

“Yukawsan, I'm sorry, I didn't understand what you meant.”

Facing a rising star in the neon physics world like Oshiba Masatoshi, Yukawa Hideki's attitude was relatively mild. He moved his journal to the front of the table and said:

 “Xiao Chaisang, you will understand when you look here.”

Xiao Chai Changjun obediently poked his head.

The area Yukawa Hideki refers to is a core derivation area of ​​the paper. What is described above is a very novel idea:

 The paper connects the theory of local gauge invariance with the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a special way, allowing gauge bosons to gain mass.

Ochai Masajun has noticed this process before, and the entry point is exquisite.

 It is well known.

 The vector field with mass is not gauge invariant, so terms such as AμAμ do not appear in the generally written Lagrangian quantities.

Massless particles mean that the intensity of the interaction they represent is polynomially attenuated as distance increases. For example, the electromagnetic force is 1/r (long-range), while mass means emr/r (short-range), where m is the corresponding particle. the quality of.

 Generally speaking.

  The above correspondence can be finally obtained by calculating the long-range limit r→∞ of the corresponding real space propagator.

but

 Due to the limitations of the times and technology, the physics community at this period has not yet discovered vector bosons that describe weak interactions. That is, W±, Z bosons.

 So the direction of most derivation is to couple the Lagrangian quantity as the complex scalar field and the U(1) gauge field.

One of the most well-known coupling methods is the Yukawa coupling proposed by Hideki Yukawa, which is the interaction between charged fermions and gauge fields.

 It's a bit like electromagnetism up to a certain distance and weakens rapidly beyond that distance.

The interaction between weakly interacting vector bosons and gauge fields is through so-called gauge covariant derivatives, which are a bit more abstract.

However, the current Yukawa coupling's applicable scenarios are relatively limited. When it is expanded to a state where the self-coupling is relatively small, its Lagrangian will have reflection symmetry.

 Let's use the example of Xu Yun's later generations to explain.

Yukawa Coupling is a hard-core science fiction novel. It is well-known in the [Science Fiction] category and has many readers. The reviews are also very high.

But once the scenario of [science fiction] is replaced by all online novels-for example, including fantasy, fairy tales, sports and other categories, many readers in other categories will not be able to stand this type of work.

 Many people sneer at the so-called science fiction, saying that they only like to read harem novels or invincible novels, and only pursue a cool word.

The fantasy and fairy tales here refer to the related categories of weak force and electromagnetic force. That is to say, this "work" of Yukawa Hideki was rejected in other categories because of its inappropriate nature.

but

At present, the idea mentioned by Yukawa Hideki in the paper seems to have some changes.

 Ochai Masajun then looked at it carefully for a few times, and even picked up a pen and calculated on the paper for a while:

“Huh? 0.98526 Yukawsan, I seem to have seen this coupling parameter somewhere?”

Yukawa Hideki also touched his bald forehead and said:

“Well, I feel a bit familiar, but I can't remember where I've seen this value.”

Just when Yukawa Hideki and Oshiba Masajun were stuck, Shinichiro Tomonaga suddenly thought of something.

I saw him say "Private Marseille" to Yukawa Hideki, quickly walked to the chair nearby, picked up a briefcase and started flipping through it.

  In less than half a minute.

Tomonaga Shinichiro took out a stack of reports and looked at them for a few seconds, and then his eyes lit up.

Then he returned to Yukawa Hideki and others, handed the report to Yukawa Hideki, and his tone revealed a little urgency:

 “Yukawsan, look at this!”

Yukawa Hideki took the document and glanced at it for a few times, then his pupils shrank.

I saw that a certain parameter recorded in this report was surprisingly similar to what he and Ochai Masajun had calculated!

This parameter is only slightly different in the five or six decimal places, which is normal - after all, he and Ochai Masajun simply performed a written calculation, and the result must not be too accurate.

Not to mention that they calculated only one set of data, while the experimental report had multiple sets of controls and averages.

 For top physicists like them, just by looking at the first few parameters, they can quickly determine that they are values ​​with the same properties.

Hideki Yukawa then turned the stack of documents back to the cover, raised his eyebrows after seeing the contents clearly:

“Fitting data for electron neutrinos?”

 “That's right.”

Chaonaga Shinichiro nodded, pointed at the document and explained:

“This is part of the data research we conducted on electron neutrinos at the beginning of the year. To be precise, it is an in-depth calculation and derivation of the southern model led by Imperial University.”

“The constant mass spectrum of electron neutrinos has a small fluctuation in this interval, and the finally calculated coupling parameter is about 0.98.”

“Yukawsan, you were not in the project team at the time, but you must have seen this report, so you have some vague impressions.”

When Yukawa Hideki heard this, a flash of thought flashed in his eyes.

The highest university group in Neon is called Teida, which consists of seven universities in total, namely Tokyo University, Kyoto University, Tohoku University, Osaka University, Nagoya University, Kyushu University and Hokkaido University.

This name is somewhat similar to the C9 universities in China in later generations and the Ivy League schools across the sea. It is considered a top university organization.

But it's different from C9 and Ivy League schools.

One of the seven imperial universities can also be directly called an "imperial university", and that is Tokyo Imperial University.

 Tokyo Imperial University is the highest university in the country. The students in the school are directly called Imperial University students, and even their clothes are different from other college students.

Although the title of 'Emperor' was canceled after the defeat of Neon due to its strong connotation.

However, Tomonaga Shinichiro and others are still accustomed to referring to Dongda as Imperial University, as if this title can recall certain times in the past.

 Two years ago.

Another well-known neon scholar across the sea, Yoichiro Nanbu, proposed a Nanbu-Goldstone model to explain the world of particles smaller than atoms.

Although this model has serious errors from the perspective of later generations, for example, it cannot explain the transmission of the weak nuclear force, there are still many supporters in this period.

The main force of this group of supporters are theoretical physicists in Neon. For example, Emperor Shi organized a related derivation calculation in March this year—the calculation mentioned by Shinichiro Tomonaga.

At that time, there were more than 40 scholars involved in the derivation, so the calculation covered a wide range of particles.

 This includes not only the particles speculated by Yoichiro Nanbu, but also the elementary particles that have been discovered, such as electrons and neutrinos.

 The calculation data of neutrinos includes such a column of parameters of the constant mass spectrum.

 The explanation of the invariant mass spectrum is relatively complicated and meaningless. The specific concept does not need to be grasped very clearly, but there is a small detail that you can know:

  The first episode of the science fiction drama "Three Body" starring Zhang Luyi and Yu Hewei has a computer room scene at 32 minutes and 6 seconds. An octagon-like pattern in the lower left corner of the screen in the middle of the screen is the invariant mass spectrum, which is the e+mu case.

Although Yukawa Hideki was not directly involved in the calculation of relevant data, he guided the derivation as a consultant at the time, and the final data was also summarized with him.

 That's why he and Masajun Koba were somewhat familiar with this data - Masajun Koba was also one of the scholars who participated in the calculation at that time.

 “Is it an electron neutrino?”

Hideki Yukawa continued to lock his eyes on the report in front of him for a while, then turned to look at Masajun Koshiba and asked him:

 “Xiao Chaisang, what do you think of this data?”

Among the four neon people at the scene, Suzuki Atsuhito was the youngest and was still studying for an undergraduate degree at the time, so he was directly excluded from the candidates for communication and discussion by Yukawa Hideki.

The remaining Yukawa Hideki was mainly proficient in pion and related nuclear force theory. It can be said that he spent the first half of his life studying pion-related research, and he did not have much exposure to electron neutrinos.

The remaining direction of Shinichiro Tonaga lies in electron chromodynamics, which focuses more on the derivation of framework.

 So among the four, only Masajun Kochai's research direction is the most special—his direction is standard neutrino correlation.

 In fact.

 None of the four people at the scene knew that if the time were pushed back another twenty or thirty years, Masatoshi Ochai would become the first scientist to intercept the neutrinos released by the supernova explosion.

One of his future Nobel Prize-winning achievements will also be related research on cosmic neutrinos. Neon's Kamiokande neutrino detector was also made by him.

It can be said like this.

Ochai Masajun's whole person is in the shape of a neutrino

So when faced with problems involving electron neutrinos, the first thing Yukawa Hideki sought was naturally the opinion of an expert, Masatoshi Oshiba.

Xiao Chai Changjun was silent for a moment, organized his words, and said slowly:

“How do you say it? Electron neutrinos are one of the three known types of neutrinos. The possibility of their existence was proposed in 1930 and was officially discovered by Professor Reins' team five years ago.”

“This kind of particle usually has a large rotation of more than 90° in its trajectory, and it has two different Feynman diagrams and electron interactions—this is caused by the difference in its mass eigenstate in matter and in vacuum. "

“That's why it's called an electron neutrino.”

Yukawa Hideki nodded slightly and narrowed the scope of the topic again:

"So Xiao Chai-san, what about the coupling of electrons and neutrinos? Is there some connection with the Yukawa coupling theory I proposed? - My focus over the years has been on the meson level. I understand neutrinos. Not much really.”

 “Coupling.”

Ochai Masajun thought for a longer time, shaking his head while thinking:

“There seems to be no real data in my impression. After all, neutrinos and mesons are two different concepts.”

 Although the physics community at this period has not fully discovered the particle model composed of 61 elementary particles, the relationship between neutrinos and mesons is still somewhat clear:

Neutrino is a fermion, which only participates in interactions through the weak force and gravity. It is electrically neutral and has a very small rest mass.

The static mass of the meson is between leptons and hadrons. It is a hadron with an integer spin and zero baryon number. It can also be said to be a charged or uncharged particle that is heavier than an electron. Mesons are subatomic particles that are held together by strong interactions. They are one of the more than 200 hadrons that have been discovered in this era.

Its types include positively and negatively charged and neutral π mesons, positively and negatively charged and neutral κ mesons and eta mesons.

It's just that compared to other hadrons, mesons have more special properties—they are responsible for transmitting nuclear force.

  That is to say, the nuclear force is an exchange force, which acts by exchanging mesons. (Note: According to the current understanding of this era, in later generations' theories, pi meson is not actually an intermediate medium that transmits nuclear force. Its properties are very complicated)

The person who discovered the π meson was Hideki Yukawa, who was in front of Masatoshi Oshiba.

 In general.

Neutrinos + positrons can generate positive mesons, neutrinos + negative electrons can generate negative mesons, and neutrinos + positrons + negative electrons can generate neutral mesons. Otherwise, the two basically have nothing to do with each other.

Just like the same red blood cells can make up men or women, the attribute differences between men and women are not directly related to red blood cells.

But talking and talking.

Oshiba Masajun suddenly thought of something, and suddenly looked at Yukawa Hideki:

“Wait a minute, Yukawsan, talking about coupling, I remembered something.”

Yukawa Hideki asked quickly:

"What's up?"

Xiaochai Changjun was silent for a few seconds and said slowly:

“Yukawsan, if I remember correctly, in our institute's mathematical calculations on electron neutrinos last year, a very strange data item seemed to appear near a certain same wave peak.”

“This data item has electronegativity in physical properties and is an additional mathematical item.”

“It's just that the calculation was different from the southern model derivation some time ago. It was just a low-level internal project or internal discussion. There were less than ten participants, most of whom were researchers or even students of our institute.”

“So at that time we thought this extra term was just an error, so we didn't pay too much attention to it. But when you mentioned the concept of coupling today, I suddenly thought of another possibility.”

“That is, this data item is actually a mathematical representation of some kind of low-speed coupling, but its situation is different from the conventional Yukawa coupling? In fact, it heralds another brand-new research direction?”

Hearing these words from Oshiba Masajun, Yukawa Hideki's pupils suddenly shrank:

 “Red bean paste? Is there such a thing?”

 Mentioned earlier.

The Yukawa coupling theory proposed by Yukawa Hideki has always been a theorem for low-speed scenarios—the so-called [science fiction] classification.

This category cannot be said to be particularly niche, but the overall proportion is only about 10%-15%.

So over the years, Yukawa Hideki has been trying to break out of the original classification and expand his audience—that is, making Yukawa Coupling applicable to other scenarios.

Although this operation is more difficult, it is not completely impossible.

 For example, the most representative ones are several solutions to Einstein's field equations.

The first strict solution to Einstein's field equation is called the Schwarzschild solution, which describes a state of a black hole, so it is also called a Schwarzschild black hole or Schwarzschild metric.

 The situation of the Schwarzschild solution is non-rotation. That is, j=0 and no charge. If the former is changed to a rotating state, the Kerr solution can be optimized.

 If the change is uncharged, then the Ressler-Nordstrom solution applies.

 This is a typical physical model case where some basic concepts are transformed and applied to different situations.

There is also the Yang-Mills field derived by Yang Lao and Mills. This framework is essentially a variant of the Weyl gauge field.

 So theoretically speaking.

　　It is actually possible for Yukawa coupling to be adapted to another framework after some changes.

 After winning the Nobel Prize.

Yukawa Hideki's only obsession in life is to expand the scope of application of Yukawa coupling and further improve his status in the history of physics.

 At the moment.

 A certain possibility seems distant.

Hideki Yukawa then took a deep breath, calmed down his inner excitement, and said to Masajun Koshiba:

 “Xiao Chaisang, is there any way to verify your guess?”

Xiao Chai Changjun glanced at him and said:

 “If it's just a mathematical derivation, I can give it a try.”

 Hear this.

Yukawa Hideki immediately stood up from his seat, placed his hands tightly on both sides of his thighs, and bowed solemnly to Masajun Oshiba:

 “Xiao Chaisang, please!”

Hearing this, Masajun Oshiba also returned the favor with Hideki Yukawa. After all, Hideki Yukawa is considered his elder regardless of his age or achievements.

 Then he quickly picked up the pen from the table and began to make relevant deductions:

“Yukawsan, this is my first time trying to combine Yukawa coupling with neutrinos. I'm afraid I still need your guidance on the whole process.”

“According to the chiral gauge theory, that is, the left- and right-handed fermions belong to gauge theories with different representations, the left- and right-handed spinors are defined as ψR≡1+γ52ψ, ψL≡1γ52ψψR=ψ1+γ52γ0, ψL=ψ1γ52”

"If we first consider the terms in DiracLagrangian that do not depend on mass, they can be divided into left- and right-hand parts as follows, that is, ψD/ψ=∑, ′=±ψ1+γ52γ0D/1+′γ52ψ=∑=′=±ψ1+γ52γ0D/ψ= ψRD/ψR+ψLD/ψL“

"The most important thing in this case is the Standard Model. Its gauge group is SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1). The left- and right-handed fermions transform in different ways under the SU(2)×U(1) part. , that is, the two chiral components carry different charges under U(1), the left-handed fermions form the SU(2) doublet state, and the right-hand fermions form the SU(2) singlet state.”

 Mentioned earlier.

Yukawa coupling is a low-energy effective theory. Low-energy here is not a derogatory term, but means low-energy level.

 In terms of the concept of future generations, it means

The coupled scalar particles are not gluons. The mass of gluons is 0 but there is no long-range interaction because the coupling strength is too large, so only color singlets can be observed at low energies, which means that you can only observe color-neutral particles.

The actual performance of strong interaction at low energy is to transfer a meson, that is, a scalar particle with mass, a composite particle composed of two quarks, to approximately describe the short-range force, which is the Yukawa coupling.

 Very simple and easy to understand.

The nuclear force is transmitted by π mesons, and the relevant quantitative calculations are applicable to the KG equation of the scalar field:

ˆ is λ(ψLriφi)ψRr=λvmψLr1ψRr+λ(ψLriφi)ψRr.

So what Masajun Kochai has to do now is to try to fit the scenario of this equation with the extra term of the neutrino.

This is not an easy task, but Masajun Ochai is very motivated at this time.

after all

If this extra term can really be mathematically consistent with the Yukawa coupling, then what they may have discovered is a brand new physics track!

 At that time, Yukawa Hideki will be conferred as a god, and he and Tomonaga Shinichiro will ascend to heaven together.

Think of this.

Ochai Masajun's movements became a little faster:

“If the right-hand singlet of a fermion matches the first component of the left-hand multiplet, the first term on the right is the Dirac mass term of the fermion.”

"So the second term on the right is the real interaction term between fermions and scalar fluctuations. Theoretically, the strength of the interaction under this mechanism is proportional to the mass of fermions - Yukawsan, I remember one of your coupling theories , the ratio of coupling constants must be equal to the ratio of masses, right?”

Yukawa Hideki nodded vigorously when he heard this:

“Yes, the fermion mass matrix can be obtained when the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field is non-zero, and it is generally not about generation diagonalization.”

“That is, a vertex coupling a gauge boson and two fermions does not mix fermion generations.”

Xiao Chai Changjun's eyes suddenly lit up:

“Hey, this extra term also contains a non-zero vacuum expectation value, and it is also a local maximum!”

  “7.3456Xπ/4, and then do a unitary transformation”

Perhaps considering that the calculation magnitude was too huge, Yukawa Hidekihai pulled Suzuki Atsushi on the side to work as a coolie.

after an hour.

Ochai Masajun shivered as if entering the sage's time, and wrote an expression of the canonical group on the paper:

 【DμΦ=DμΩ1(Φv+r)=Ω1ΩDμΩ1Dμ′(Φv+r)】

 【Dμ′≡μigAμ′，Aμ′≡ΩAμΩ1+(i/g)ΩμΩ1】

Looking at this expression, the huge office suddenly fell into an eerie silence.

　　A full minute has passed.

Yukawa Hideki just looked at Masajun Koshiba in disbelief:

“Xiao Chaisang, within the framework of the electroweak energy level, have we reduced all particle energy level parameters to within 1?”

Xiao Chai Changjun swallowed hard and rolled his eyes slowly a few times:

 “It seems.Yes.”

Yukawa Hideki was silent for a few seconds, and the look in his eyes gradually took on a kind of hair-raising horror:

“In other words, we discovered a new physics?”

Ochai Masajun did not answer this time, but his trembling cheeks said everything.

 That's right!

They calculated a brand new physical model after combining the Yukawa coupling mechanism with the additional term of electron neutrinos!

 No, to be precise, this is not a model, but a framework - as mentioned earlier, the model refers to the building designed by the architect, and the frame is the equipment such as the excavator used in building the building.

 Although the value of the former is more obvious, the importance of the latter cannot be ignored in the world of physics.

 In fact.

 Compared to Masatoshi Oshiba, Yukawa Hideki's inner reaction was even more exciting.

after all

Once this framework is confirmed to be true, he will likely win the second Nobel Prize in Physics in his life!

To know.

In the entire history of the Nobel Prize in Physics, no one has been able to win this honor twice, not even Einstein has achieved this achievement! (Bading has not won the award twice this year)

Of course.

 What they found at this time was just a fit in the coupling theory. To truly complete this framework, a lot of manpower and material resources would need to be invested.

 Papa pa pa—

 Hideki Yukawa then patted his cheek hard and forced himself to calm down again:

“Xiao Chaisang, objectively speaking, I think it is still too early to say that we have discovered new physics. After all, we have only completed a very marginal data fitting.”

“If you want to verify whether this path is correct, I'm afraid there is still a long way to go.”

Oshiba Masajun glanced at the corner of Yukawa Hideki's mouth that was about to show his molar teeth. After thinking about it, he decided not to expose this senior's lies.

 Then he paused again, thought for a moment, and said to Yukawa Hideki:

“Yukawsan, what are you going to do next?”

 “Next.”

Yukawa Hideki subconsciously wanted to pop out the champagne and write a Nobel Prize speech, but his remaining sense allowed him to maintain a basic calm:

“I think next we should conduct a more in-depth analysis of the data and fully verify their accuracy, at least mathematically.”

“That is to say, get those experimental materials from the hands of the Chinese people.”

 (End of this chapter)

Chapter end