Into Unscientific Chapter 602

   Well known.

  From the perspective of general direction, physics can basically be divided into two directions:

  Applied Physics and Fundamental Physics.

  The so-called applied physics refers to the subject that uses physical knowledge to solve practical problems.

  To put it bluntly, it refers to the subject of technology application in a relatively broad sense, and to put it bluntly, it is to engage in technology and invention, and computer light bulbs can be regarded as one of the concepts

  In the year 2023 that Xu Yun travels through.

  When it comes to applied physics in China, even those who hate the country find it difficult to find a clear black spot, at most it is brainless and black.

   In this direction, Huaxia is in the first or even top echelon of the standard, with many achievements and big names.

  For example, achievements include radiation physics, quantum encryption communication, optoelectronic technology, iron-based superconductivity, and Mott insulator.

  The big guys include Pan Shuai from University of Science and Technology of China, Wang Fang from Peking University School of Physics, Yao Hong from Shuimu Institute of Advanced Research, Zhu Shining from Jinling University, etc.

  But if we change our perspective to fundamental physics, then the situation in China is different.

  Fundamental physics refers to a discipline that deeply understands the composition, connection and operation of matter in order to establish and improve the theory of physics and promote its development, which is what everyone calls

   Theoretical Physics.

Up to now.

  The highest level of Chinese theoretical physics is still Li and Yang, but they were not Chinese nationalities when they made achievements, let alone the achievements of domestic cultivation.

  At present, only Academician Wang Yifang and Mr. Zhang Shoucheng have achieved achievements in the field of theoretical physics with Chinese nationality.

  Academician Wang Yifang is still alive, but Zhang Shousheng unfortunately "died away unexpectedly" across the sea in 2018.

  If it wasn't for Xu Yun's discovery of isolated point particles in reality, the Chinese theoretical physics community would really not be able to produce much results in the field of popular cognition.

   What is the reason for this phenomenon?

   There are various factors of scientific research chaos, but it is more due to Huaxia not catching up with the early train of theoretical physics:

   Various international academic blockades have caused domestic attention to be modern rather than modern. In the 1960s and 1970s when modern theoretical physics was sprouting, the soil for cultivating theoretical physics was missed.

  When neutrinos are being studied internationally, the knowledge that even the isospin triplet state of π mesons and the second-order Casmir operator of Lie groups commutes with all generators is still vague in China.

  When a group of foreigners are discussing the Higgs mechanism, the domestic people don't even know that the fermions will have a mass term after the Higgs field symmetry is broken.

  But now with the appearance of Xu Yun, some things are different.

   Mentioned earlier.

  In 2023, the discovered elementary particles mainly consist of four categories:

   Quarks, leptons, gauge bosons, and the Higgs particle.

   These four types of particles are further divided into 61 kinds of particles.

   That is, 12 kinds of leptons:

  Electric/Miao/Tauon + 3 generations of neutrinos, pros and cons X2.

   (positive/negative)*(up/down/odd/charm/top/bottom)*(red/blue/green) 36 kinds of quarks;

  One kind of photon, three kinds of Z/W^+/W^-on, 8 kinds of gluons and one kind of Higgs particle.

   But in this period.

  The physics community's understanding of particle physics is limited to only a few:

  Photons, electrons, first-generation neutrinos, muons...and then gone.

   That's right.

   It's the same as the bottom of the eunuch, it's gone.

   Among the remaining particles.

  Tau was discovered in 1977 by Martin Lewis Pell.

   The Z/W boson would have been discovered by CERN in 1983—but it had been calculated earlier.

   Gluons were discovered by Ding Zhaozhong in 1979.

  Not to mention the Higgs particle, it was only dug out from the high-energy level interval in 2012.

   As for the 36 kinds of quarks.

   It would take three years for Gell-Mann to propose even a model, and the existence of quarks would not be proven until more than a decade later.

   In other words.

  In this period.

  If you say that no one would have thought that there is a structure under the neutron, then it is certainly not true. After all, this era has long since left the scope of modern physics.

  However, if the condition is limited to knowing how deep this structure is and how significant its significance is, then the final answer is obviously that there is only Xu Yun.

  In later generations, he and the Chinese Academy of Sciences spent countless efforts and almost bet everything on the press conference, but it was just to add a new member of the microscopic particles, the solitary point particle

   But today.

  The microscopic particles that have not been discovered by the physics community are more than just one or two? !

   What was placed in front of Xu Yun was the entire basic particle model!

  The important tool for discovering these particles is the tandem particle accelerator at the University of Cambridge.

   Indeed.

  With an energy level of only 80MeV, it must be a pipe dream to find the Higgs particle.

  But the discovered energy levels of tau, Z/W boson and gluon are completely within its operating range.

  At the same time, the physics community is still slowly digesting the Yang-Mills field proposed by Mr. Yang, and the experiment can only be cracked by violence. This situation will not stop until Te Hooft is born.

  So it is not an exaggeration to say.

  Although Cambridge University regards that accelerator as a treasure, only Xu Yun understands its true value.

  If this opportunity is not grasped.

   Is Xu Yun still human?

   "Neutron Within"

   Just when Xu Yun was in a daze, Qian Bingqiong who was beside him suddenly spoke.

   But the person he asked was not Xu Yun, but Lu Guangda with a subtle expression:

   "Director Lu, if I remember correctly, we seem to have done some analysis and research on the lower-level neutron model in China, right?"

  Lu Guangda was thinking about this at first, so he nodded immediately after hearing this:

   "That's right, Comrade Zhu Hongyuan from the Theory Office of our Institute of Atomic Energy, and the project team led by Comrade Hu Ning of BJ University have all conducted research on this aspect."

"Comrade Hu Ning's research is relatively in-depth, and he has achieved some results in the theory of the SU(3) symmetry of the elementary particle, but unfortunately we cannot continue because of the lack of sufficient information—the only reference material we have is one Zhang hadron mass spectrum."

  "Before I came to the base, I had a chat with Comrade Hu Ning. He called this possible model the Yuan Qiangzi—oh, by the way, Comrade He Zuoxiu of our base has also participated in related research."

   "Comrade Zhu Hongyuan and the others have been applying for reports, hoping to organize a relatively high-level international conference and have a discussion with outside scholars."

   "Even if you can't invite scholars from across the sea or Europe, you can find scholars from Neon, Malay or even Pakistan."

  Meta Hadron.

  Hearing the word Lu Guangda uttered, Xu Yun's eyes moved slightly.

   Mentioned a long time ago.

  Gel-Mann independently proposed the quark model in 1964, but at that time, in order not to be beaten to death, he called this thing a mathematical concept.

  This method of hiding as long as you can is equivalent to the fact that the traffic of later generations is picked up and fried noodles with chicken essence, but they pretend to be dead on social platforms and don't say anything, and even go to foreign countries to hold concerts and sell badly.

  After Ding Zhaozhong discovered the J particle in 1974, the quark model was finally proven correct.

   But what few people know is.

  The rabbits back then were only one step away from the quark model.

  One step away from this is the methadron, that is, the straton model.

  The background of the era at that time was the early 1960s, two years later than now, and the national particle physics theory team only had hundreds of people.

  Their patriarch was academician Zhao Zhongyao, but the actual teaching was mostly taught by academicians Zhang Zongsui, Hu Ning, and Zhu Hongyuan.

  For example, Academician Dai Yuanben, who was later famous, was a graduate student of Academician Zhang Zongsui.

  At that time, academician Zhu Hongyuan was one of the few people in China who understood quantum field theory, and he was considered one of the founders of quantum field theory in China.

  After learning that Gell-Mann proposed the quark model, he did not reject the model, but became very interested.

   Later, he contributed to being beaten, and the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Atomic Energy formed a research team dedicated to the study of the quark model.

   After careful derivation.

Academician Zhu Hongyuan started from the physical image that hadrons have an internal structure, and innovatively proposed that hadrons are bound states composed of methadrons, the next level of basic components that actually exist in physics, and named them methadrons. Officially renamed layer.

   But unfortunately.

  At that time, due to the lack of sufficient calculation data, the calculation process of the whole team encountered great obstacles, and finally had no choice but to stop the research.

for example.

  The internal motion of hadrons can be approximated by non-relativistic theory.

   But hadrons moving as a whole must have the property of relativistic covariance.

Therefore, it must first be calculated in the hadron stationary coordinate system, and then apply the Lorentz transformation to obtain the relativistic hadron wave function. For the physical process, use the hadron internal wave function and the overlap of the initial and final state hadron wave functions in the physical process. Integral links these physical processes together to give a more definite theoretical prediction.

  According to the manuscript declassified by later generations.

  At that time, several teachers at Peking University had used the SU(6) symmetry property and the universal property of the relativistic wave function to systematically express the calculation results of the model.

  However, when deriving the bound state wave function of SU(3) symmetry and relativistic covariance, there is not even a physical image of the bound state in China.

   Without this kind of data reference, it is impossible for you to ask Gauss Riemann to calculate any results.

  So academician Zhu Hongyuan and the others could only publish this theory in a domestic physics journal in the form of a guess.

  These journals cannot be known internationally due to the blockade.

  So ever since.

  This model was at least two years earlier than the similar relativistic quark model in the world, so it died unfortunately.

  This matter is not YY, Weinberg once mentioned this matter in "The First Three Minutes":

"A group of theoretical physicists at Yenching has long held to a theory of one type of quark, but called it stratons, not quarks, because these particles represent a deeper level of reality than ordinary hadrons. "

   It is not an exaggeration to say.

  If the rabbits were able to complete the relevant derivation and release it.

  Then the rabbits in the field of particle physics in later generations can at least get a share of the pie, without having to consider whether to spend a lot of money to build a high-energy particle collider after all the low-energy particles have been found.

Therefore.

   Now that he suddenly heard the news that Lu Guangda mentioned the layer, Xu Yun couldn't help feeling a wave of fluctuation in his heart.

  The hadrons mentioned in the straton model are neutrons and protons, if the tandem accelerator can be obtained.

   bark.

   Then Xu Yun wiped away the non-existent saliva, and continued to talk about Amway to Lu Guangda:

   "Director Lu, I don't know much about the layer you mentioned, but there must be a smaller model inside the neutron. I personally think it should be regarded as a conclusion."

   Then he paused, and continued to pick up the pen and write:

   "Director Lu, according to the Yang-Mills theory, the electromagnetic force corresponds to the U(1) group, the weak interaction force corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the strong interaction force corresponds to the SU(3) group. You should understand this, right?"

   Lu Guangda nodded.

  Yang-Mills theory.

  How could he not understand this?

   After all, one of the names of this theory is his best friend

  Xu Yun was not surprised by Lu Guangda's answer, so he quickly continued writing:

  “The Lagrangian density of the free fermion field is L=ψ(iγuum)ψ. According to the Yang-Mills theory, if the Lagrangian density is invariant in SU(n) localized gauge, then the gauge field needs to be introduced.

   "At this time, the spatial derivative becomes a covariant derivative, that is, Du=uigTaAua."

   "Then write the D component of the color space Duij=δijuigTijaAua, Du only needs to satisfy: (Duψ)′=UDuψ(uigTaAu′a)ψ′=U(uigTaAua)ψ to get the gauge field kinetic energy item"

   After a few minutes.

  Xu Yun finally wrote down a field strength tensor of a non-Abelian gauge field:

  Fuva=uAvavAvgfabcAubAvc.

   Lu Guangda subconsciously frowned.

  What is Xu Yun trying to do?

  Write generator matrix?

  But Lu Guangda's frowning didn't last long, and a light sigh came out from his nostrils:

"Well?"

   I saw in front of him.

  Xu Yun substituted this field strength tensor into a rank spinor whose basis function is exactly 1-, and wrote the Hamiltonian of the three-dimensional isotropic oscillator into another form.

   Well known.

  Because both Y and T3 of the SU(3) group are diagonal, the basis vectors of SU(3) irreducible representation space should be distinguished by their two eigenvalues ​​t3, y.

  Just like SU(2) irreducible representation with dotted line method, SU(3) representation can be represented by finite grid of t3y plane.

  In this process, there will be three lifting operators that play three different roles:

  T+ increases t3 of the state by one while keeping y unchanged.

  U+ makes the state's t3 minus 1/2 and the y value plus one.

  V+ makes the t3 of the state increase by 1/2 and the y value by one.

  If a hexagon is drawn on this basis, then the state with the largest eigenvalue must be in the outermost layer, and the state at this point is unique.

   But at this moment.

  What Xu Yun wrote is an identity between structural constants.

   Lu Guangda didn't think about the physical meaning of this identity, but the mathematical meaning is.

   Which state has the largest direct product state?

   That is.

   The internal model of the neutron can actually be converted? — at least mathematically.

  Suddenly.

  Lu Guangda thought of the Sakata model proposed by Neon man Sakata Shoichi.

  Although Changichi Sakata's name is the same as that of the Sakata Brigade in Bright Sword, this is actually one of the few more respectable neon people.

  He is a true pacifist, in 1952 he thought that Neon should not study atomic energy - because it could be used in war.

  After the founding of the Rabbit, he traveled to Huaxia and Neon many times, and brought many precious particle physics materials to Huaxia.

   It was mentioned above that Zhu Hongyuan wanted to organize an international physics conference. Later, when the conference was held, Sakata Shoichi and another Pakistani expert were the only foreigners present.

  Later, Sakata Shoichi met with a certain boss once, and while appealing not to use atomic bombs for war, he also suggested that China should strengthen theoretical physics research.

  It is indeed quite rare for a foreigner, especially a Neon person, to be able to do this.

  The Sakata model proposed by Shoichi Sakata is a particle model, which holds that all hadrons participating in the strong interaction are not all elementary particles, and the representational state and quantum number inside each particle are the same.

   According to Xu Yun's derivation process.

   Could it be that the Sakata model is correct?

   Or to be precise, the Sakata model can be further optimized?

  If Xu Yun's previous calculation of neutron isospin only pointed out one direction, then this time's derivation actually hammered out the model under the neutron.

   And across from him.

  Xu Yun sighed softly.

  Mr. Weinberg, sorry.

  Weinberg is considered one of Xu Yun's most respected physicists. When he was alive, he was also one of the few bigwigs who could compete with Yang Laoyi as the number one physicist at that time.

   But in front of national interests, Xu Yun can only say sorry, and then he has the audacity to show his achievements in the SU (3) group first.

   As for whether the result itself will be too abnormal, Xu Yun is not too worried.

   After all, the current domestic and international generational gap in this area is too great, and it is difficult to synchronize related achievements in China.

   As long as Xu Yun pushes this matter to Cambridge University, Lu Guangda can't verify it even if he tries to find a way to verify it—Cambridge University has a tandem accelerator in hand, so it is reasonable to deduce these pure mathematical data.

   Then Xu Yun put down his pen again, and said earnestly:

   "Director Lu, as you can see, there must be other particles under the neutron."

   "From a broad perspective, today's basic physics can be simply divided into particle physics theory, quantum field theory and quantum mechanics, celestial bodies and gravitational theory-let's not consider statistical physics for now."

   “Among the three, gravity is obviously the most illusory, and at the same time, it has the lowest short-term returns.”

   "The prospects of quantum field theory and quantum mechanics are very high, but it requires a lot of relevant theoretical foundations, and this part of information is difficult to obtain in our current situation."

   "So I think we can use the accelerator to focus on particle physics. Maybe if we are lucky, we can derive the straton model you mentioned?"

  When Lu Guangda heard the words, an uncontrollable expression of emotion appeared on his face.

  He thought of his friend again.

  The reason why the friend did not go back to China with him at the beginning was largely due to the lack of a theoretical physics environment in China.

   Later, as expected.

  My friend put forward the Yang-Mills theory across the sea, and quickly won the Nobel Prize, and now he is famous.

  Lu Guangda will naturally not feel any jealousy about this, but he often thinks about one thing:

  If the blockade continues, will the domestic conditions always lag behind others?

  He can tolerate the country being like this for a while, but he cannot accept this situation for a lifetime.

  But now Xu Yun has shown him a possibility, at least if the straton model can be confirmed, then the domestic environment will definitely change a lot.

  After all, we are high-level executives with a strategic vision that is almost invincible.

  The price paid for this is nothing more than weather Doppler radar technology, the neutron transport equation calculated by their team, and a bunch of local donkey hair.

  Think here.

  Lu Guangda couldn't help taking a deep breath, and looked up at Xu Yun:

   "Xiao Han, what is your specific exchange plan?"

   "Swap plan?"

   The first time Xu Yun heard this word, Xu Yun hadn't realized what Lu Guangda was talking about.

  But soon he realized that what Lu Guangda was referring to was the exchange scheme of tandem accelerators.

  So he quickly corrected his expression, and said the belly draft he had prepared:

   "Director Lu, I think so."

   "We hand over the weather Doppler radar technology to Britain, the neutron transport equation to Gaul, and the donkey pulp film to Germany."

   "The headquarters of CERN is located in Geneva. If the tandem accelerator wants to be transported from Cambridge University to Geneva, it must pass through Gaul."

"If. I mean, if, when the accelerator arrived in Normandy, a fire broke out in the warehouse. At the same time, Gaul and the United Kingdom also stated that the accelerator was burned during the fire. Chairman Heisenberg also pretended to agree with this script. You how do you feel?"

  Lu Guangda was silent for a moment:

   "Are you sure the Germans will make Heisenberg agree to play dumb?"

   "Of course I'm sure."

  Xu Yun nodded firmly:

   "The reason Heisenberg wanted the accelerator was to produce results and keep CERN from being disbanded. He himself was not firm about the accelerator."

   "So as long as Germany Gaul and the United Kingdom promise not to disband CERN at the same time, then he will probably obediently pretend to be stupid."

"Not to mention that he has a very close cooperation with the German Ministry of Craftsmanship. Many of his apprentices are researching Germany's first satellite. If it doesn't work, let's give up the donkey pulp film. Anyway, those donkeys have no objections. Well."

  Lu Guangda thought for a moment, then turned to look at Lao Guo, and nodded slightly:

   "Comrade Bingqiong, I agree with Xiao Han's transaction plan."

Note:

  Spelling with a few writer friends, others get 6,000 for two hours, and I get 1,600 for two hours, and I didn't catch fish in the whole process, it's too difficult.

Chapter end