Harry Potter's Morning Light Chapter 1854

Chapter 1854 The total amount of happiness

Susanna's Hebrew original meaning is lily girl, lily is a symbol of purity.

In the Bible story, Susanna is a beautiful woman. She is chaste and faithful to the law. The two judges and elders are obsessed with Susanna's beauty and often look for opportunities to peep. One day when Susanna was preparing to take a bath in her garden, two elders jumped out to commit violence, but Susanna refused. Everyone heard Susanna's screaming into the garden, and the second elder falsely accused her of having a tryst. In the public trial the next day, Susanna was betrayed and sentenced to death. The young prophet Daniel received divine enlightenment and complained about it, saving Susanna's life, and the lying elder was executed.

There are many works with this motif in the Louvre. Many of them are masterpieces that Napoleon snatched from Italy. Giorgioanna returned some of them because "they are not good enough."

These paintings overemphasized the beauty of the female body, but did not show her resistance and panic. There was even a picture of Susanna who seemed to be flirting with the elder.

If this is the case, it is not the fighting Susanna, but the ancient Roman baths. When visiting the gallery, Denon told her about the story of an Italian female painter named Artemisia. When she was 18 years old, she was assaulted by the teacher and friend Alstino Tassi, who taught her painting. With the support of Tasi, he took Tasi to court.

During the seven-month interrogation time, Tasi's time to appear in court was very limited. Tasi only had to claim in court that the 18-year-old girl was a **** and seduced him, and then he could leave. trial. During this period, she not only had to repeat the process of being violated over and over again, but she also had to be interrogated.

If Georgiana is a woman who is easily controlled, she has already controlled her mind because of her anger, doing irrational things.

But she only asked that Tassi's work be removed from the Louvre and returned to the Italians. There are also works by artists with the same misconduct, no matter how famous and valuable it is.

Not all painters are bad. Artemisia later married another painter, and the two went to Florence together, where she created many works. The first work painted by Artemisia after the interrogation is called "Judith Cut Down the Head of Hlovenis". In the traditional works, the widow who used beauty to attract enemy generals looks very feminine. Looked at the radiance of the Virgin. In Artemisia's work, it is difficult for a woman to control a general, even if he fell asleep, a woman came to help press him, and the two conspired to kill the general.

In the words of Paul Veronese when he was tried in the religious trial, this kind of plot is reasonable. Compared with other male painters, Artemisia's works are actually not well-known. Georgiana exchanged several famous paintings for her works.

This has nothing to do with patriarchy and feminism. It just exists to shelter the victim after the crime occurs, and to torture the victim again, hoping to shut her up. This behavior is called feudal oppression.

The same was true during the British enclosure movement. At that time, a constitutional monarchy had been established, and British kingship and sovereignty had declined, so the Parliament enacted an enclosure law.

Land rent is part of the feudal land ownership system. After the French Revolution, peasants' land was privately owned, and there was no need to pay land rent in the future. Before the rise of the market economy, farmers used to rent land for a long period of time. In some areas, the land rent continued to decrease. After the market economy began, this old lease was hit by the “higher price”, and those who wanted to raise sheep were willing to pay. The landlord was willing to rent more land to them. The original tenants disagreed, so there was a scene of violently driving the farmers away.

Farmers have nowhere to redress their grievances after being driven away. Similarly, according to the principles of market economy, consumers are more willing to buy cheap and good-quality goods. There is a certain price difference between British and French goods. After all, British goods are due to slavery and mechanization. Mass production is much cheaper than in France.

If the French oppose slavery, then do not buy British goods, or they clearly mark that the raw materials are produced in non-slavery areas. The price of this kind of goods is definitely more expensive than the cotton in slavery areas, and consumers will have to spend more money. .

Bentham's utilitarianism denies abstract concepts such as social contract, natural power, and natural law, and believes that these things are all fictions and illusions that violate empirical facts, and cannot be used to explain the origin of the state and political foundation. The state is completely created by people. Out of utilitarian considerations results.

Utilitarian morality is completely different from Western traditional morality in spirit. The basic spirit of Western traditional morality is self-denial and altruism based on the belief in God, which is opposed to the pursuit of personal interests, while the basic spirit of utilitarian morality lies in daily experience. The affirmation of personal interests-people are selfish, and private property is sacred and inviolable. This kind of interest can be called happiness, value, or usefulness.

Hagrid cultivated the snails, and Draco asked him what's the use of this thing? Whether it is medicinal or treasure guard pets such as Sphinx, it is based on various purposes or goals pursued in daily life, without any illusory and sacredness.

"Utilitarian" or the greatest happiness refers to happiness that relieves suffering. It does not deny self-sacrifice, because according to Mueller's words, happiness and happiness are also divided into human happiness and pig happiness. For humans, it is sensible happiness. The value of the happiness of emotions and imagination and the emotional happiness of Tao is much higher than pure sensory happiness. Being an unsatisfied person is better than being a satisfied pig, and being an unsatisfied Socrates is better than doing it. A contented fool. "Virtue" and "nobleness" do not exist in one's own happiness or self-interest, but in "self-denial" and "self-sacrifice", provided that this kind of sacrifice increases the "total amount of happiness", otherwise this kind of self-sacrifice can be regarded as Waste.

Utilitarianism has both external and internal constraints. Externally, it hopes to receive grace from one's own compatriots and the master of the universe, and is unwilling to find unpleasantness from one's own compatriots and the master of the universe, but internal constraints. Li is called the moral emotion of "conscience". This moral emotion is cultivated through education based on the harmonious and unanimous desire of compatriots. It is completely in line with human nature and not difficult for others to follow.

The ultimate goal of utilitarianism is the greatest happiness of most people. It is the ultimate goal of alchemists just like the sage's stone, and reasonable means are needed to achieve this goal.

What is justice? The concept of justice has two elements, one is the rules of conduct, and the other is the emotion that agrees with the rules of conduct, that is, the sense of justice. Many people don't understand why fairness and justice are equivalent to terror, which restrains people from staying in the Leviathan structure.

For example, when a husband trades slaves, the wife agrees with her husband's behavior. She believes that slaves are property and inviolable private property. When news of the liberation of slaves comes, it is an infringement of her own property, so she will fight against the civil war. Scarlett, like Melanie, donated her wedding ring to support the Southern Army in the war.

Leviathan does not just represent jealousy. National laws are like the rules of the game. Things that everyone agrees to are not unfair to each of them. If everyone is willing to do this, no one will say that it is unfair. . Slaves certainly do not want to be slaves, but slave owners can use violence to make slaves willing. When the violence of the Southern Army cannot contain the violence of the slaves and the Yankee coalition forces, slavery will collapse. If the Southern Army wins, then slavery will continue, even The original free state will also become a slavery state.

God bless the United States. Fortunately, the North has won, otherwise the United States will inevitably follow the Roman road, and Spartacus uprisings are everywhere.

However, slavery was abolished, and the enslavement of prisoners reappeared. Scarlett's timber factory hired prisoners as labor in the original stage. Originally, the prisoners had to incur costs to feed them. Now they can make money. Of course the warden was willing.

"Sinners" should atone for their crimes. The police arrested the prisoners vigorously and put them in prison to allow them to legally and forcefully labor. As a result, the tolerance and fault tolerance of society will be reduced. It is impossible for a person to make no mistakes in his life. However, a little Mistakes and mistakes will be forever, so the United States is full of intense anxiety, except for those happy fools.

In Hobbes' Leviathan structure, strong people must force him to work. In order to prevent them from using the excuse of not being able to find a job, they must encourage overseas colonization. When the world is overpopulated, the last resort is war. , It will replace God's final judgment and make arrangements for everyone.

As a raw material exporter, it will always be at the bottom of the industrial chain. Although the United Kingdom has lost North America, there is still India. The East India Company's approach was to destroy the local handicraft industry and instead let the locals engage in planting and provide tea, cotton, and grain. For products, India without industry will always be poor, and the North American colonies are also the same. They must hand over their iron ore to the British factories for processing, and then transport the iron ingots back. In this way, they will spend more wheat and cane sugar in exchange. If they have the processing capacity themselves, there is no need for shipping and additional processing fees.

In 1733, the United Kingdom introduced the Sucrose Act, which imposed a tax on syrup imported from outside the empire, with an additional £6 per gallon. This was to protect the interests of Barbados and other British colonial sugar regions and prevent the North American colonies from French colony Cane Sugar Island-Santo Domingo obtained syrup. Santo Domingo does not have its own rum factory, and their syrup can only be sold at a price of 4 pounds per gallon, which is much lower than Barbados' price of 9 to 10 pounds per gallon.

The passage of this bill is the result of pressure from the planters of the West Indies. They set up a powerful lobby group to London on the grounds that trading syrup with foreign countries harms their own interests, and the people of the thirteen states in North America treated them like this. The shameless bill in which the interests of one colony prevailed over the other was very indignant.

But this bill has no other reaction than indignation. Because this policy doesn't work, New England wine merchants escaped inspection by the British to smuggle syrup and usually bribe customs officials to pretend not to see it.

In 1764, the British amended the provisions of the Act, which aroused the anger of the people in thirteen states. During the Seven Years' War, many New England merchants and the French engaged in semi-underground trade, which made the Americans' reputation in London very bad. Although France had been driven out of the United States during the war, the growing hostility of the American people led to a large group of British soldiers stationed in the colony, and 26 ships and 3,000 soldiers were standing in the sea. Because the war cost a lot of money, Cabinet Secretary George Glennville decided to let disloyal Americans pay for the costly war. "The Sugar Ordinance of 1764 reduced the tax on non-British syrups to three pounds per gallon, and at the same time, it announced the implementation of mandatory taxation. This turned the original invalid prohibition into taxation practice. 1767 Finance Minister Charles Townsend wants to increase government revenue through the tax law, imposing taxes on imported paper, paint, glass and tea, which makes the situation worse. This bill repeats and clarifies that if the British Customs suspects that the goods are smuggled and Without paying taxes, they have the right to search for goods using written orders (similar to a general permit in the UK).

Napoleon also set tariff barriers on Italian silk to protect Lyon's silk industry. France does not have the origin of raw silk in Piedmont, but the French jacquard machines and patterns are the latest trends. Italian silk suppliers can only imitate them. . This is like the difference between Hermes and imitation Hermes, the pattern is exactly the same, but Italian imitations are cheap, wear them out for parties, and others will see that you are a "fake"...

No tariff barriers The impact of Italian silk fabrics on French silk fabrics is also limited, as is the mechanized silk produced in the United Kingdom, and the main opponent of French textiles is British cotton fabrics. There are many people who cannot afford silk, and they also have clothing needs. If you look at ancient oil paintings, many civilians wear dark colors, because brightly colored dyes are expensive, and they will choose strong and durable cloth. For these people, it must be cheap and easy to use. What slavery and moral issues are for them. It doesn't matter much, so the French products will lose their competitiveness.

Increase workers' wages and reduce their expenditure on food, so that they will have a choice elsewhere. As for how to do it, it's a man's responsibility. Didn't France see the strike as a tradition?

What Rousseau said is not quite right, but Lux does not eat the food of the maidens. Bridges, canals, railways, houses, digging ditches, and the Metropolitan Lyon require manpower. There are many roads to be repaired in the Alps, and some sections of roads. Blasting is needed so that veterans and engineers have a place to go.

According to the truth, Pomona has learned so much because of the British education system and should not deal with the British.

The things Alibaba stolen from the cave of the Forty Thieves are smuggled like smugglers. Borrowing money usually requires interest. The elder brother lends his younger brother food at a fair price. Didn't the younger brother think of giving back gratitude?

According to the Quran, men dominate women. According to inheritance rights, the younger brother inherits the wealth after the death of the elder brother, although the elder brother inherits the money from his father-in-law.

In the Salem Witch Incident, Sarah Good's father originally had property and was inherited by her mother. After her mother remarried, her stepfather took all the property away. Sarah got married later, but it was not smooth. In the end he became a beggar, looked old at a young age, and had two illegitimate children with unknown fathers.

If she was cruel enough, she shouldn't have given birth to them, so that the two children would not suffer, and Dorothy would be driven crazy when she was only five years old.

There is a proverb: Poor plan and rich conscience. Although it is not entirely correct, Alibaba may have used the hands of a robber to kill his brother for the purpose of killing his brother and seizing the inheritance of his sister-in-law. The story says The elder brother inherited "all" the family property of his father-in-law, which means that the sister-in-law has no other relatives.

The crime of sheltering is also a crime. Rome has religious courts and secular courts. The trial of Altai Misia was executed by the secular courts, but the monks all over the city did not see a person coming out to preside on justice like Daniel did.

Altai Misia was born in 1593. The year 18 was 1611. The religious reform came to an end. At that time, Luther split the church because of the corruption of the Holy See and the issue of indulgences.

The Black Death occurred in Florence in 1348. Ten young men and women took turns telling stories in the countryside, mocking the darkness and evil of the church. In fact, it is not only the church, but the secularity is also quite sinful. Otherwise, there will be no cases of torture of victims. The ethics at the time was that women were a symbol of original sin. They were taught by the snake in the Garden of Eden, learned to lie and tempt, and must be tortured to tell the truth.

Artemisia repeats it over and over again in her trial records, this is true, this is true, but men and judges shield each other, men don't care about the chastity of their wives, because they are also sleeping with others. Wife, if other women are the same as Artemisia, who can run away?

Such a precedent, the French atmosphere has also broken for a period of time. The noble couples have their own lives, but the group has the function of moral self-cleaning, and the feelings are simple and extreme. When the upper class is obsessed with social etiquette disputes, the folks are in It is said that the nobles do not understand anyone, so they will go to the Bastille to arrive at the note, and the person on the note will be arrested.

This matter has noses and eyes, which makes people feel that those who are locked in are innocent, so that the "rescued" Marquis de Thad also became a committee member.

The French army that had gone through the bloodbath over the Alps, first faced the Austrian army. The general of the Papal State heard that it was Napoleon who had come, and ran away without seeing him.

Before, Sforza led the French to invade Italy, and Bonaparte was the second.

For the oppressed, the invaders are also liberators. It was also when Wellington came to Bordeaux that year. The Milanese liked Napoleon.

Only after being stationed for a period of time, the French suddenly attacked the Turin fort guarded by the Italians. At that time, the French tricolor flag was planted on the fort, and Napoleon disbanded the force in place.

Later, the French troops stationed in Piedmont were stationed in the Papal State, and because of the Turin Fortress incident, Governor Jourdan will also face the fate of being abolished. Who will be the next one?

Not only that, Duke Ferdinando of the Duchy of Parma died in 1802. It was only in 1801 that the Bourbon dynasty signed an agreement in exchange for Tuscany in exchange for the Principality of Parma to be merged into France. Duke Ferdinand was in France when he died. Surrounded by the army, public opinion almost wrote the "murderer" on Bonaparte's forehead.

On the National Day in 1802, someone posted a note at the entrance of the Tuileries Palace: The silence of the people is a lesson to the king.

It was quickly torn off. Later, there were rumors that a light cavalry who was good at sniping lost his words after drinking, saying that Bonaparte would be taken within 50 steps...

Later, he was reported by his colleagues. He returned to his residence accompanied by a policeman and found some pamphlets. The man was panicked and locked up the police and ran away.

The head of the police in Paris at the time was Fouché. He fell out of favor in September and his spy network was divided by several people. When there is no battle to fight, promotion is difficult, and the former comrades-in-arms hope that the opponent will make mistakes and replace them.

The "Mrs. Britain" settled the duty-free import of British steel. While the textile industry was frustrated, the steel tycoons made a lot of money.

They also know that this matter will not last long, so they work overtime and work hard. These people are in the Congress and complement the civil anti-war public opinion.

The key to the wine trade is the Portuguese wine tariffs. If you tear up the Methuen Treaty, then Portugal's tariff preferences will be gone, but Bonaparte has not opened up the French-controlled market. If you lose the Portuguese market for wine, you will lose money.

But, isn't there still Brazil?

Gold, silver, iron ore, ivory, and timber. William Pitt Jr. felt that Trinidad was more economically valuable than Malta. Bonaparte had asked Georgian to intervene in timber. She did not touch it. Later, the British navy timber supplier A corruption scandal broke out.

Someone once commented that there is Caesar's spirit in Altai Misia's soul.

Georgiana, a Scottish rose, replaced the little Cleopatra in Egypt.

But, there are also malicious people waiting for "Mr. Smith" to return.

Many people saw it at the Paris Opera that day. The real husband wore a mask and entered the celebration party. This kind of aggressive behavior requires the people to teach the king a lesson.

It is said that in the conference room of the opera house, the poor husband left a line on the back of his chair. The content is unknown, but the form is very similar to that of a Venetian governor.

The governor was not only beheaded by the people, but the portrait was also covered with black veil, making him the most special of many Venetian governors.